Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma - Essay Example However, the mechanism of regeneration of tissues through the short-time plasma exposure has not been explicitly revealed as yet in spite of its increased practical application. In order to improve the situation, it may be important to clarify the mechanism from multilateral standpoints including plasma science and engineering, molecular biology, and biochemistry. Therefore, we conducted a basic experiment on the direct irradiation of cells by using micro-spot atmospheric-pressure plasma source, which is hardly harmful to the living bodies both thermally and electromagnetically. In this experiment, murine fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3), which is usually used for cell experiments, was used and effect of plasma on the culture cells was considered. As a result of the experiment, it was revealed that cell multiplication is activated by plasma exposure. In response to the result, we considered factors related to the multiplication. Although there are many factors involved in the cell multi plication, we particularly focused on neoangiogenesis and NO production, and considered vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and acidic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Fig 1. The apparatus comprised a coaxial structure with tungsten electrodes employed in a glass capillary (internal diameter of plasma genesis region: 8 mm, internal diameter of the tip: 1 mm) with cylindrical electrodes on the exterior. High voltage for plasma generation was generated by externally-controlled high-voltage power supply device. Plasma generation conditions were: applied voltage: 5-9 kV; frequency: 1-3 kHz; helium (He) gas flow rate: 1 L/min; and plasma exposure time: 1-100 sec. It was found in the earlier studies that NO gas is not generated by this apparatus. In the experiment, a culture containing 1 x 105 murine fibroblast cell lines (NIH3T3) was set in a 12-hole culture vessel. It was cultured for 24 hours in a CO2 incubator (culture conditions: temperature: 37 deg. C and CO2 gas concentration: 5%). The medium was replaced with serum-free medium. The unprocessed specimens (control), those processed with He gas flow and others exposed to plasma were compared. Processing time for each specimen group was 1, 10 and 100 sec, respectively. They were cultured for 24 hours in CO2 incubator after plasma exposure and then cell forms were observed with optical microscope. Afterwards, only live cells of NIH3T3 cell line attached to the bottom face of the culture vessel were peeled off by trypsin treatment and the number of cells under each condition was counted, followed by consideration of multiplication rate changes among the conditions. In addition to that, they were continuously cultured for 7 days in NIH3T3 cell line. Differences in the cell multiplication curves of specimens exposed to plasma for 90 sec per day and those processed with He gas flow were also considered. With this experiment, we considered the effects o f plasma exposure on cell multiplication based on both the trends of exposure time-dependent cell multiplication and the effects of plasma exposure on cell multiplication. Fig 2 shows cells exposed to the plasma. Culture medium thickness was 6 mm. Plasma was radiated from capillary of 1 mm diameter to cells adhering to 6 cm2 base area at a flow rate of 1 L/min.  

Final Assignment Chapters 9 & 10 Research Paper

Final Assignment Chapters 9 & 10 - Research Paper Example ees as an opportunity to belittle her boss by stating it was too early to make such an early assessment yet she had not fully understood how politics had been used by Kathryn. It was very clear that everyone was trying safeguard his wellbeing but not the work of the organization’s development (Lencioni, p.25). The tech decision team also lacks significant communication in the sense that when Nick the chief operating officer suggests they acquire the green banana firm in Boston. Upon being questioned by Kathryn about the timing of the project, he responds with arrogance about her role in team building and not industrial technology (Lencioni, p.56). Another essential attribute missing from the tech Decision team that was a necessary for its effectiveness was lack of extensive collaboration. Lack of collaboration is when JR the sales head resigns and cities wasteful meetings as his reason for calling it quits with the company. Also by Mickey deciding to leave as a result of direct criticism for her focus in personal reputation rather than contribution to the team further exhibited lack of active collaboration (Lencioni, p.36). The Decision tech team experienced only the first three of the four stages of team development since we don’t see them working in respect to performing. Kathryn was effective in enabling the team moves through each phase in the following ways. In the forming stage the dominant human relationships are silence, dependence, self-consciousness, and superficiality. These are during the first week upon taking her new position as the C.E.O. She spent most of her early week walking in the halls, holding brief conversations with staff members and direct contacts and maintaining silence in majority of the meetings she attended. Since she was not well accustomed to her new job and proved her dependence by requesting Jeff Shanley to proceed with the weekly staff meetings as the head. She only maintained brief contacts with other employees and walked

5 Questions About 3 Ethical Case Studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5 Questions About 3 Ethical Studies - Case Study Example Moreover, in addition to ethics, the officers are expected to uphold values, principles and morals while according their duty to the public. Therefore, this case study will greatly help when examining the outlined issues. How much material is available for your research in each topic? This case study is going to rely on information available on http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/nov2011/davi-n19.shtml . In addition, documented evidence in the university and the California State Police will also be used. To supplement this, the police force ethical conducts will be used as the base line to judge the ethical issues. Case Study 2: 20 children among 26 victims of Connecticut school shooting This case is aimed at evaluating the moral standards as well as, the phycology behind good values, principles and ethics. This study will help the research based mainly on the social-cognitive theory (Aldama, 2011). Therefore, the case study is aimed at discovering what may trigger people to act the way they do. In addition, the study is aimed at seeking how people perceive or react to their actions. How much material is available for your research in each topic? This research will be sourced from the article, 20 children among 26 victims of Connecticut school shooting.http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/14/us/connecticut-school-shooting/index.html . Moreover, additional material will be gathered from related article and eventualities. In addition, books and earlier studies on social-cognitive theory will be used so that a good case can be built for this study. This study will be very helpful because it will help when one wants to judge why a person may act in a given manner be it ethical or unethical. It will further help to evaluate the consequence and the acceptance of the victim in the case that they act unethical. For example, Should they take responsibility or what actions are supposed

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Marketing - Essay Example The cost for a normal unit is only $349 and the buyer sees an instant saving of both time and money. Most women recoup the cost of the IMA within a year. When introduced, the IMA was not advertised or placed in retail locations. The promotional tool used was a social-networking epidemic campaign that grew out of the â€Å"Maven-Connector-Salesman† theory first proposed at the turn of the century by Malcolm Gladwell in his book â€Å"The Tipping Point.† (Gladwell) Mavens in the area of beauty were first identified and then carefully introduced to important connectors to establish the network focus points. It was believed that personification of the product (Emma) was a key to selling to women and so â€Å"Emma† was given a personal webpage. In the beginning, â€Å"she† was present only to establish a presence, personify the product and offer a brand identity. A simple form for ordering was the only indication that the product was available. The personificat ion of the product was the third point of the strategy and a careful search had been made to find the perfect saleswoman who would personify the IMA and become Emma. Emma became the face of, and personified, the brand. Mavens were identified with carefully placed Maven-traps and the Connectors and salesmen were identified by genetic algorithm driven social networking spiders. A careful social engineering campaign was launched to develop relationships with Mavens and introducing them to Connectors. This was accomplished by one team and another team focused on developing relationships between Connectors and Salesmen. While the preparations for product launch were under way, production was working out the bugs in the manufacturing and support division. When the marketing team felt the network was ready to start the campaign, Mavens were provided with IMA’s to test in order to get their opinion. They were cautioned that the product was still in the early stages of production and were cautioned to only discuss it with close friends or if asked about it. Connectors who had been previously introduced to Mavens were quietly told about this new and revolutionary product, that it was in limited production and the company was keeping it quiet. The Connectors consulted their Mavens, received confirmation and validation and began telling their friends, some of whom were the Salesmen the team had identified. This caused an underground word-of-mouth campaign within social networks that generated an exponential demand with no advertising cost. The oversupply of childbearing age women as compared to men and the difficulty of women in finding a mate resulted in the desire of women to have a â€Å"secret weapon† that would give them an advantage over other women. The ability of a woman to put on, repair or rapidly change her makeup was noticeable and caused curiosity. Most women were in the workforce and their social lives revolved around their free time away from work. Women discovered a small change in their wardrobe and a change of makeup meant they could practically change personalities during a 45-minute lunch-break and be

Sir Isaac Newton as the Father of Modern Science in Scientific History Research Paper

Sir Isaac Newton as the Father of Modern Science in Scientific History - Research Paper Example Though in the field of physical science his predecessors have excelled in theoretical explanations of the behavior of the physical world, Newton provided theories a solid mathematical ground. He is mostly remembered because of his book â€Å"Philosophia Principia Mathematica† in which he explains the behaviors of moving bodies. Indeed the later development of Einsteinium Physics was greatly contributed to by the Newton’s the ideas and theories that he discussed in â€Å"Principia†. The book â€Å"Principia† brought him the fame and made him a public figure because of its importance to change the commoners’ view of the universe. Obviously Newton’s idea of the universe dominated the knowledge of the physics till Albert Einstein came up with a relative view of the universe in his theory of Relativity. Indeed even after the publishing of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, Newton concept of the universe continued to teach people about the sys tem and functionality of the universe. Newton’s Contribution to Mathematics Newton’s career began with his study on calculus. Though he invented calculus solely, the credit of inventing calculus fell upon the part of German scientist Leibniz. Anyway, in 1669 on the subject of infinite series Newton’s study paper "De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas" was greatly appreciated by his contemporaries. Regarding Newton’s genius Isaac Barrow’s comment was as following: "Mr Newton, a fellow of our College, and very young ... but of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things." ... Indeed Newton’s Principia was not written in the language of Calculus, though he comprehensively used infinitesimal calculus in geometric forms. In Principia, Newton effectively employed â€Å"limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities† naming it â€Å"the method of first and last ratios.† (Newton, 1727, p. 46) The use of â€Å"limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities† through the method of indivisibles was the first step to employ calculus in explaining the universe. As a result modern scholars often called Principia â€Å"a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus.† (Truesdell, 1968, p. 99) Indeed Newton was â€Å"distinctly advanced every branch of mathematics then studied† (Ball, 1908, p. 67). During his lifetime Newton significantly contributed to the development and a number of fields of mathematics such as â€Å"generalized binomial theorem†, â€Å"Newton's ide ntities†, â€Å"Newton's method†, â€Å"classified cubic plane curves†, â€Å"theory of finite differences†, and â€Å"use of fractional indices and coordinate geometry to obtain solutions to Diophantine equations† (Truesdell, 1968, p. 68). Newton’s Contribution to Physics One of Newton’s most remarkable contributions to science of his age was â€Å"the invention, design and construction of a reflecting telescope† (Gjertsen, 1986, p. 122) . This telescope had been considered as a significant advancement in the field of telescope technology. But his contributions to Optics were of greater importance. Newton spent several years investigating the refraction of light and invented that white light passed through a prism would decompose into a spectrum

The characterisation of Lady Macbeth Essay Example for Free

The characterisation of Lady Macbeth Essay Compare and contrast the way in which the characterisation of Lady Macbeth and the setting and atmosphere are developed in three productions of act 1 scene 5 Macbeth was performed for James I in August 1606 at Hampton court. He was asked to be King of England by Queen Elizabeth I when she was dying, because she didnt have any children to become her successor and he was the closest heir. James VI of Scotland became James I of England in 1603 after Queen Elizabeths death. Shakespeare based the story Macbeth on a book called, The History of Scotland written by Raphael Holinshed. In this true story Banquo helped Macbeth kill Duncan but because James was a descendant of Banquo, Shakespeare thought it would be indiscreet to suggest that one of Jamess ancestors had committed regicide. Duncans son Malcolm killed Macbeth in real life where as Macduff killed him in the play. The witches were added more into the play because James wrote a book about witches. The Elizabethans were also very interested in witchcraft and the supernatural. Macbeth is a story about regicide. In Shakespeares time the people thought that regicide was the greatest crime anyone could commit. They thought that God appointed kings to rule over the kingdom and any attack towards them meant that they were attacking God. In Macbeths letter he tells Lady Macbeth everything they do not have any secrets from each other. In the play Lady Macbeth thinks that Macbeth is too kind to murder Duncan and become king rather than waiting until he dies normally. Yet I fear thy nature; it is too full o the milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way. She is thinking that she has to control Macbeth to murder Duncan. Hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear. She wants to drive away all the things that would stop him being king. And chastise with the valour of my tongue all that impedes thee from the golden round. She wants to take away all her feminine values and replace them with pure evil to become a sexless, pitiless fiend so she can be able to commit such a great crime. Unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty. She makes him ignore the fear of no afterlife in order to become king. As soon as she hears that Duncan is coming, she talks about killing him. O never shall sun that morrow see! she is telling him to hide the fact that they are going to kill Duncan from him but still be thinking it. Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent undert. She is trying to control Macbeth to kill Duncan just after she has heard that he is coming. And you shall put this nights great business into my dispatch. In the Royal Shakespeare Production Lady Macbeth is powerful, she can control what Macbeth does, she manipulates him with sexual persuasion to do what she wants him to do. She turns away from him and makes him move to her, this shows that she has power over Macbeth and can manipulate his actions. She is wearing a black flowing robe that covers up her shape and a black hat that covers up her hair. She is not very feminine, this portrays her as evil and capable of killing Duncan to become queen. When she is thinking about killing Duncan, she shows intense concentration. They embrace each other when Macbeth comes in; this shows that theyve got a very close relationship. In the BBC Production Lady Macbeth has not got much power over Macbeth. She runs up to him when he enters and he turns away from her when shes talking. She is wearing a long beige dress with a rope belt and has long hair, she is more feminine than the Lady Macbeth in the Royal Shakespeare Production because her clothes show more of the shape of her body. She does not seem as evil, but when she changes her voice she transforms the way she portrays the character. She moves around when shes thinking of how to kill Duncan and doesnt concentrate that much. She does stop and look through a window theres a long dramatical pause while she is thinking. this adds to the effect and shows that she is thinking about something important like murdering Duncan. She uses sexual movements and gestures in the unsex me scene; I dont think this is how Shakespeare intended this scene to come across. In the film by Polanski, Lady Macbeth is stroking some dogs when she is reading the letter from Macbeth, this shows her as sensitive and loving and not a devious, evil woman which I think is what Shakespeare wanted her to come across as. When shes talking about what Macbeth could become, she does not seem very exited. The unsex me scene is moved to when shes standing outside on her own, she is portrayed as evil when she changes her voice. When Macbeth comes in she runs up to him, he picks her up and carries her up the stairs, this portrays her as weak and childlike. She has little power over Macbeth, she has a little sexual persuasion but she doesnt seem to be able to manipulate him very much. When she says that they will kill Duncan, O never shall sun that morrow see. She comes across as playful and childish. She does not seem to be able to commit regicide, and too innocent to be filled with direst cruelty I think that the Royal Shakespeare production was the closest to the representation that Shakespeare portrayed in this play. The clothes she wore showed what Lady Macbeth was like. The actress played Lady Macbeth well because she showed that she is evil and manipulative using her movements and voice, she has power over Macbeth and influences what he does. In the BBC production she has not got as much power over Macbeth as in the Royal Shakespeare Production. She does not show that she is evil until she changes her voice. Her clothes show that she is more feminine and less capable of committing regicide. She uses sexual persuasion more than mental persuasion, this shows that she is not as calculating. In the Polanski film she is childlike and does not seem to be able to kill someone or even think about killing someone. She is very feminine because she is wearing a light blue dress, which shows the shape of her body. In my opinion Polanski got the character of Lady Macbeth completely w rong.

Truffles Case Essay Example for Free

Truffles Case Essay Mushrooms, in general, and truffles, in particular, occupy very important place in modern art of cooking. In cuisines of many countries mushrooms are used as competent and delicious substitution for meat. Mushrooms are great with potato and pasta; also they are used in salads and in different soups. Truffles are extremely delicious and popular. The most famous French food lover and bon vivant Jean Brillat Savarin called them â€Å"diamonds of the kitchen†. (Wikipedia) Truffles are special and unique mushrooms, because they grow up and can be found only underground, in symbiotic relationship with some definite species of trees. Truffles are mushrooms of spherical irregular shape, which diameter varies from 5 to 20 cm. Despite of long lasted difficulties with cultivation of this fungus, now truffles are grown in Europe, Africa, Asia and Northern America. The best season for picking truffles is from May to September. Truffles have rather long history. Their origin is unknown: once they were found and started being used for making meals more delicious and tasty. But there are numerous historical recordings about attempts to cultivate truffles. Many rich people dreamt about big truffle fields, which could bring incredible profits and fame, but the majority of early attempts to domesticate truffles failed. First recordings about the truffles are left from the times of Roman Empire. Actually, the Romans used a terfez mushroom, which was similar to truffles in shape, but had slight rose paleness and specific taste. Terfez came to Roman Empire from Greece and the territories of the Middle East, that’s why it was sometimes called as â€Å"desert truffle†. It had unique property to intensify the other flavors of meals, so it was really great for bright and spicy cuisine of Roman times. In XVII – XVIII centuries the truffles were very popular in France and Italy. It was still quite hard to cultivate truffles, and that’s why they could be afforded only be wealthy people, including the courts of French Kings. In those times culinary specialists used to cook different types of meals with truffles, but the peak of the art was truffled turkey. Besides, truffles were known not only for their excellent taste, but also with their aphrodisiac and medical qualities. (Savarin) There is a great variety and diversity of truffles. A number of similar subterranean fungi is called â€Å"false truffles†, which look and taste quite similar to real truffles, but can be poisonous. There are only three species of real truffles, which have the greatest commercial and culinary value. Generally, there are black truffles (Tuber Melanosporum) and white truffles (Tuber Magnatum), which slightly vary depending on their taste and place of cultivation. It is supposed that the best black truffles are being cultivated in the south-east of France, though there are also big territories of truffle production in Spain, Italy and other European countries. French black truffle is from 2 to 15 cm. It is cultivated on special fields and can be collected from about 20 cm underground. The researchers found out that truffle produces special chemical substance, which is similar to steroids of male pigs. That is why pigs and specially trained dogs help people to find truffles below the soil. Recently the amount and quality of truffles produced is decreasing, that is why specialists started mentioning so called â€Å"cycles of truffle cultivation†. In the end of XX century France used to produce 30-60 tones of truffles every year, but recently the production is considerably lower. The main reason for it is, certainly, worsening of environmental conditions, which is characterized by de-forestation and acid rains. That is why recently some lack of investments into truffle cultivation industry takes place. The best time for collecting black truffles is January, because at this time truffles are at the peak of their taste and perfume properties. The price for truffles on French market varies from USD 110-330 per pound, depending on season. There are also so called summer black truffles, which are very close to winter truffles in their taste properties. The best white truffles are cultivated in northern Italy. They are supposed to be superior to French black truffles in taste and aroma. That is why Italian white truffles are much more expensive: in autumn, when they appear at the market, their price can reach USD 2000 per pound. There are some legendary unique Italian truffles, which are sold in luxury auctions. In the year 2005 a 2.6 pound truffle was sold for USD 112,000, considerably surpassing the price for truffles at previous auctions. In 2004 a truffle weighing 1.9 pound was sold for USD 50,000, but shortly after it got decayed in refrigerator due to incorrect preserving. Two types of truffles are cultivated in China. Chinese products are called Tuber sinensis and Tuber himalayensis. Their taste and aroma qualities are much poorer. Also, these sorts of truffles are much less pungent than their European analogs, and their texture is rather different: Chinese truffles are much softer and rubbery. That is why Chinese truffles are much cheaper at the market. Frequently, Chinese smugglers import such truffles to Europe and illegally sell as high-quality truffles. Also, some types of black truffles are being successfully cultivated in New Zealand, Tasmania and Australia, Northern Africa and the Middle East. In the USA first truffles Tuber gibbosum were found in the end of XIX century in California by Dr. H.W. Harkness. Nowadays, there are two most advanced places of producing truffles in the United States: in Texas and in Oregon. Recently, there are about 60 species of hypogenous mushrooms are grown in our country, and some of them are absolutely new for science. Oregon truffle plantations are the most advanced and profitable: here truffle cultivation started in 1985, when a tree farmer tried to inoculate Tuber species close to specially planted trees. First attempts to cultivate truffles this way proved to be successful, and soon the harvest reached 200-300 pounds per acre. Oregon truffles do not have intense aroma of European ones, but instead they have very special flavor. There are many truffle lovers and admirers in the United States, who enjoy eating these miraculous mushrooms. Also, a number of organizations, like Oregon Mycological Society or the North American Truffling Society, carry out some special biological and genetic researches, develop new technologies for more productive cultivation, and supply our market with fresh and jarred quality truffles of our own production. These products can be found in many supermarkets, and they are quite affordable. Truffles have to be prepared for cooking as usual mushrooms: they must be washed very carefully, brushed, dried with a towel, and then peeled. Some white quality truffles can be used even raw, because taste characteristics and aroma of white truffles is especially sensitive to any heat. That is why it is better simply to slice fresh peeled truffles onto a salad or other dish. At the same time, it was discovered that white truffles can recollect their wonderful aroma and taste after processing and jarring. Black truffles (both winter and summer ones) are mostly used as a little cooked products. The majority of advanced gourmands do not suggest mixing winter and summer black truffles due to some slight differences in their delicate flavors. But, at the same time, using jarred winter and summer black truffles is absolutely possible, especially for different dishes with white meat and poultry. Many specialists criticize jarred black truffles, saying that their usual taste is lost. But the other specialists, on the contrary, find jarred black truffles to be enriched with special spicy flavor, which is usually absent in fresh ones. Truffles are very easy to be preserved in butter or oil, and they taste incredible both as fresh and jarred. Besides, truffles can become perfect additives for many foodstuffs, as vinegar or butter. Truffles enrich such products with their natural exotic flavor, make them creamy and balsamic, and considerably improve their quality. Italians add extracts from black or white truffles into their premium quality olive oil. Only couple of drops of such divine oil can bring special and piquant taste to any salad or sauce. Exceptional taste of truffles is incomparable accompaniment of different dishes with potato (especially mashed potato), macaroni and pasta, chicken and fish, omelets or dishes with rice (especially risotto). Truffles are perfect components for different salads, sauces and especially fillings. Truffled roasted meat and truffled eggs are real masterpieces of culinary art, along with French cheesy Fonduta with truffles, which is one of the most popular dishes in modern France and Italy. Meals with truffles go especially great with white wine. In addition, truffled food is not only extremely delicious and unforgettable, but it is also very healthy. There are many people, who afraid and avoid eating mushrooms, but some dishes with truffles are really worth to be tried! Eating truffles is quite safe, because they do not cause problems with digestion or any other unpleasant symptoms. That is why for very long time truffles remain among the most desirable and admirable foods all around the world! Bibliography: †¢ Freedman, Louise. Wild about Mushrooms: Truffles. MSSF. Mycological Society of San Francisco. Ed. William Freedman. 2000. 12 Dec. 2005 http://www.mssf.org/cookbook/truffles.html. †¢ Savarin, Brillat. The Physiology of Taste: or Meditations on Transcendental Gastronomy Counterpoint Press, October, 2000, ISBN: 1582431035, 464 p. †¢ Truffle. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia Online. 7 Dec. 2005. 12 Dec. 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truffle.